![]() Increasing the pH of a solution will cause a greater percentage of a weak base in the solution to be in what form? Organ size, blood flow to organ, drug solubility, plasma protein binding capacity, and the presence of barriers such as the blood brain barrier or the placenta What are the factors that determine distribution of a drug? Weak acids are excreted more rapidly and weak bases are excreted more slowly When tubular urine is more alkaline, how are the weak acids and bases excreted? Most drugs are excreted through which mechanism?Ī process in the kidney that can result in retention of a drug in the body It makes it more polar and with less affinity for fatty tissueĪfter phase I drug metabolism, where is the drug less likely to be distributed? What does phase I drug metabolism usually do to a drug? If a drug is a weak base that is excreted via the kidneys, what will acidifying the urine do? What is an inactive drug compound that becomes transformed into an active drug compound? When will drugs that are weak electrolytes cross body membranes best? What is the process by which a substance is transported against a concentration gradient? Lipid molecules orient themselves so that they form a fluid biomolecular leaflet structure with the hydrophobic ends of the molecule shielded from the surrounding aqueous environment. Tolerance is most closely associated with which category of a drug? When a drug has affinity for a receptor and produces no effect What is the definition of a competitive antagonist? Many large molecules that exist either on the cell membrane or within the cell itself What do drug receptors appear to consist of? How does a specific drug usually binds with a specific receptor? What reduced the maximal response of the agonist? The drug with the stronger affinity for the receptor ![]() ![]() When different drugs compete for the same receptor sites, does the drug with the stronger affinity for the receptor or the drug with the weaker affinity bind to more receptors? What is the ratio of the median lethal dose to the median effective dose called?ĭo drugs produce the same action as an endogenous agent or block the action of an endogenous agent? Which drug is more potent? One with a stronger affinity for a receptor site or a same drug with a weaker affinity for the same site?Ī drug with stronger affinity is more potent that a drug with weaker affinity ![]() Yes, drugs of greater potency do not require as high a dose Is it better to administer a drug of greater potency when given the choice? Metabolism of drugs, elimination of drugs, and absorption of drugs When comparing two drugs, the dose response curve would have a greater height for which drug? The implications of these findings for intellectual performance throughout life, and for risk of cognitive decline in later life, warrant further study.īrain CANTAB carotenoids cognitive function episodic memory lutein macular pigment meso-zeaxanthin paired associated learning zeaxanthin.Pharmacology - CH 2 Drug Action and Handling QuestionĪ drug is defined as a biologically active substance that can modify? This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrates a memory-enhancing effect of daily supplementation with L, Z, and MZ in healthy subjects with low MP at baseline. Furthermore, the observed reduction in the number of errors made in the PAL task among those in the intervention group was positively and significantly related to observed increases in MP volume (p = 0.005) and observed increases in serum concentrations of L (p = 0.009). MP and serum carotenoid concentrations of L, Z, and MZ were also measured.įollowing 12-month supplementation, individuals in the active group exhibited statistically significant improvements in memory when compared to the placebo group (paired associated learning memory score PAL errors ). Cognitive domains assessed included verbal and visual learning, immediate and delayed memory, executive function, and verbal fluency. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, subjects (n = 91 mean±SD age = 45.42☑2.40 % male = 51.6) consumed a daily formulation of 10 mg L, 10 mg MZ, and 2 mg Z (n = 45) or placebo (n = 46) for 12 months. To investigate the impact of supplemental L, Z, and MZ on memory, executive function, and verbal fluency among healthy individuals with low MP levels. There is a biologically plausible rationale whereby the dietary carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z), and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ), which are collectively referred to as macular pigment (MP) in the central retina (macula), support the maintenance of cognition via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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